Linux

Two commands for running things as another user — usually as root. They look similar but serve different purposes and have different security models. Overview Command Full Name Purpose su Substitute User Switch to another user (usually root) sudo SuperUser DO Run a single command with elevated privileges Key difference: The su Command Switches to…

These three commands manage ownership and passwords — who owns files, what group they belong to, and how user passwords are set up. Overview Command Purpose Best For chgrp Change group ownership Assigning files to teams/groups chown Change owner (and group) Transferring file ownership passwd Manage user passwords Setting, locking, expiring passwords The chgrp Command…

Processes are the running applications that consume system resources like CPU and memory. Every process has a unique PID (Process ID), and can be viewed with ps or top, and terminated with kill or pkill. What Are Processes? A process is an instance of a running program. Every command you run creates a process. Key…

Linux lets you run commands in the background while you continue working, manage those jobs, and safely shut down or reboot the system. Background vs Foreground Mode Description Terminal Blocked? Foreground Command runs normally, you wait for it ✅ Yes Background Command runs behind the scenes ❌ No Visual: Running Commands in the Background (&)…